Tham khảo Paraxanthine

  1. 1 2 Mazzafera P (tháng 5 năm 2004). “Catabolism of caffeine in plants and microorganisms”. Frontiers in Bioscience: a Journal and Virtual Library. 9: 1348–59. PMID 14977550.
  2. ↑ Guerreiro S, Toulorge D, Hirsch E, Marien M, Sokoloff P, Michel PP (tháng 10 năm 2008). “Paraxanthine, the primary metabolite of caffeine, provides protection against dopaminergic cell death via stimulation of ryanodine receptor channels”. Molecular Pharmacology. 74 (4): 980–9. doi:10.1124/mol.108.048207. PMID 18621927.
  3. ↑ Fuhr U, Doehmer J, Battula N, Wölfel C, Flick I, Kudla C, Keita Y, Staib AH (tháng 10 năm 1993). “Biotransformation of methylxanthines in mammalian cell lines genetically engineered for expression of single cytochrome P450 isoforms. Allocation of metabolic pathways to isoforms and inhibitory effects of quinolones”. Toxicology. 82 (1–3): 169–89. doi:10.1016/0300-483x(93)90064-y. PMID 8236273.
  4. ↑ Graham TE, Rush JW, van Soeren MH (tháng 6 năm 1994). “Caffeine and exercise: metabolism and performance”. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 19 (2): 111–38. doi:10.1139/h94-010. PMID 8081318.
  5. 1 2 Mazzafera P (tháng 5 năm 2004). “Catabolism of caffeine in plants and microorganisms”. Frontiers in Bioscience. 9 (1–3): 1348–59. doi:10.2741/1339. PMID 14977550.
  6. ↑ Summers RM, Mohanty SK, Gopishetty S, Subramanian M (tháng 5 năm 2015). “Genetic characterization of caffeine degradation by bacteria and its potential applications”. Microbial Biotechnology. 8 (3): 369–78. doi:10.1111/1751-7915.12262. PMC 4408171. PMID 25678373.
  7. 1 2 Caffeine: chemistry, analysis, function and effects. Preedy, Victor R.,, Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain),. Cambridge, U.K. ISBN 9781849734752. OCLC 810337257.Quản lý CS1: dấu chấm câu dư (liên kết) Quản lý CS1: khác (liên kết)
  8. ↑ Hetzler RK, Knowlton RG, Somani SM, Brown DD, Perkins RM (tháng 1 năm 1990). “Effect of paraxanthine on FFA mobilization after intravenous caffeine administration in humans”. Journal of Applied Physiology. 68 (1): 44–7. doi:10.1152/jappl.1990.68.1.44. PMID 2312486.
  9. ↑ Essayan DM (tháng 11 năm 2001). “Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases”. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 108 (5): 671–80. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.119555. PMID 11692087.
  10. ↑ Deree J, Martins JO, Melbostad H, Loomis WH, Coimbra R (tháng 6 năm 2008). “Insights into the regulation of TNF-alpha production in human mononuclear cells: the effects of non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibition”. Clinics. 63 (3): 321–8. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322008000300006. PMC 2664230. PMID 18568240.
  11. ↑ Marques LJ, Zheng L, Poulakis N, Guzman J, Costabel U (tháng 2 năm 1999). “Pentoxifylline inhibits TNF-alpha production from human alveolar macrophages”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 159 (2): 508–11. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9804085. PMID 9927365.
  12. 1 2 Peters-Golden M, Canetti C, Mancuso P, Coffey MJ (tháng 1 năm 2005). “Leukotrienes: underappreciated mediators of innate immune responses”. Journal of Immunology. 174 (2): 589–94. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.589. PMID 15634873.
  13. ↑ Daly JW, Jacobson KA, Ukena D (1987). “Adenosine receptors: development of selective agonists and antagonists”. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. 230 (1): 41–63. PMID 3588607.
  14. ↑ Hawke TJ, Willmets RG, Lindinger MI (tháng 11 năm 1999). “K+ transport in resting rat hind-limb skeletal muscle in response to paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite”. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 77 (11): 835–43. doi:10.1139/y99-095. PMID 10593655.
  15. ↑ Hawke TJ, Allen DG, Lindinger MI (tháng 12 năm 2000). “Paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, dose dependently increases [Ca(2+)](i) in skeletal muscle”. Journal of Applied Physiology. 89 (6): 2312–7. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2312. PMID 11090584.
  16. ↑ Neal L. Benowitz; Peyton Jacob; Haim Mayan; Charles Denaro (1995). “Sympathomimetic effects of paraxanthine and caffeine in humans”. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 58 (6): 684–691. doi:10.1016/0009-9236(95)90025-X.
  17. ↑ Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, DerSimonian R, Clemens JD, Wilkins DG (tháng 11 năm 1999). “Maternal serum paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, and the risk of spontaneous abortion”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (22): 1639–44. doi:10.1056/NEJM199911253412202. PMID 10572151.